Aa rd} @ `P P ` P ` 0 P HH $ @ d HHHHff@
d Footnote
TableFootnote** .\t.\t/ - :;,.!?
cx 56cx TOCHeading1Heading2 Y EquationVariables ? ;` < < =7 =P =i = ;B ;D ;F ;H <$lastpagenum> <$monthname> <$daynum>, <$year> "<$monthnum>/<$daynum>/<$shortyear> J<$hour>:<$minute00> <$ampm> on <$dayname>, <$monthname> <$daynum>, <$year> "<$monthnum>/<$daynum>/<$shortyear> <$monthname> <$daynum>, <$year> "<$monthnum>/<$daynum>/<$shortyear> <$fullfilename>
<$filename> <$paratext[Title]> <$paratext[Heading1]>
<$curpagenum>
<$marker1>
<$marker2> (Continued) + (Sheet <$tblsheetnum> of <$tblsheetcount>) Heading & Page <$paratext> on page<$pagenum> Pagepage<$pagenum> See Heading & Page%See <$paratext> on page<$pagenum>. Table All7Table<$paranumonly>, <$paratext>, on page<$pagenum> Table Number & Page'Table<$paranumonly> on page<$pagenum> Heading <$paratext> E HTML Headings ++ A 33 55 79 A << >> @@ A ` ;b ;d ;f ;h ;j ;l ;n ;p ;r ;t ;v ;x ;z ;| ;~ ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; < < < < < <
< < < < < < < < < < < < <" <$ <& <( <* <, <. <0 <2 <4 <6 <8 <: << <> x >y! =R =T =V ;# =X =Z =\ ;/ ;2 ;5 >z! ;E ;I ;J =^ =` =b =d =f =h =k =m =o =q =s =u =w =y ={ =| = = = >{! = >|! = = =! =! =! =! =! =! =! =! =! = = =! =! =! =! =! =! >}! >~! =! =! =! >! = >! >! >! >! >! >! > >! >! >! >! >! >! >! >! = >!
= = =! =! =! =! =! =! =! =! =! > > >! >! >! >! >! >! > ! >
! > ! >
> > > >! >! >! >! >! >! >! >! >! >! > > > ! > ! >!! >"! >#! >$! >%! >&! >'! >(! 9 d q 5+ d >, d ;] d ;L HmR ;M HmRHR HR Footnote Hr@ ;N Hr@HzHz Single LineH 靕 ;O Footnote
;P
HD ;Q
HDHH Double LineH ;R
Double Line ;S
;T
H֝ ;U
Single Line ;V
HZ ֝ ;W
TableFootnote d 5p 77 EGxR ;X EGxREPwEPw
TableFootnote d ;^ d E 靕 l d ;_ d 1 Q RUX[^adgjmpsvy| %).1 W/܁܁ Bm } 蝝d ;a 蝝d W aHTML Mapping Table }H蝝d ;c H蝝d W a }H蝝d ;e H蝝d W a }H蝝d ;g H蝝d W a }H蝝d ;i H蝝d W a } H ;k H ! FrameMaker P A Source Item }H ;m H W a
HTML Item } H ;o H W a } H ;q H W aInclude Auto# } H ;s H W
a Comments } H ;u H W a }HH ;w HH W aElement } H ;y # H W
a New Topic? } H ;{ H W a } H ;} H W a } H ; $ H W a P:Date Line }HH ; #% HH W aP } H ; $& H W aN } H ; %' H W aN } H ; &( H W a } EH ; ') EH W a
P:Reading }HEH ; (* HEH W aP } EH ; )+ EH W aN } EH ; *, EH W aN } EH ; +- EH W a } QH ; ,. QH W aP:Title }HQH ; -/ HQH W aH* } QH ; .0 QH W aN } QH ; /1 QH W aN } QH ; 02 QH W a } ]H ; 13 ]H W aP:Body }H]H ; 24 H]H W aP } ]H ; 35 ]H W! aN } ]H ; 46 ]H W" aN } ]H ; 57 ]H W# a } iH( ; 68 iH( W$ a P:Numbered1 }HiH( ; 79 HiH(( % aLI
& a Parent = OL
Q' a
Depth = 0 } iH( ; 8: iH( W( aN } iH( ; 9; iH( W) aY } iH( ; :< iH( W* a } 띝H ; ;= 띝H W+ a P:Heading1 }H띝H ; <> H띝H W, aH* } 띝H ; =? 띝H W- aN } 띝H ; >@ 띝H W. aN } 띝H ; ?A 띝H W/ a } H( ; @B H(
W0 a P:Numbered }HH( ; AC HH((
1 aP
2 a Parent = OL
Q3 a
Depth = 0 } H( ; BD H(
W4 aN } H( ; CE H(
W5 aY } H( ; DF H(
W6 a } H ; EG H W7 a P:CellBody }HH ; FH HH W8 aP } H ; GI H W9 aN } H ; HJ H W: aN } H ; IK H W; a } H ; JL H W< aP:CellHeading }HH ; KM HH W= aP } H ; LN H W> aN } H ; MO H W? aN } H ; NP H W@ a } H ; OQ H
WA a P:Footnote }HH ; PR HH
WB aP } H ; QS H
WC aN } H ; RT H
WD aN } H ; SU H
WE a } ȝH( ; TV ȝH( WF a P:Bulleted }HȝH( ; UW HȝH(( G aLI
H a Parent = UL
QI a
Depth = 0 } ȝH( ; VX ȝH( WJ aN } ȝH( ; WY ȝH( WK aN } ȝH( ; XZ ȝH( WL a } H ; Y[ H WM a P:Heading2 }HH ; Z\ HH WN aH* } H ; [] H WO aN } H ; \^ H WP aN } H ; ]_ H WQ a } H ; ^` H R ! P:HeadingRuP AnIn }H H ; _a H H WS aP } H < `b H WT aN } H < ac H WU aN } H < bd H WV a } 7H < ce 7H WW a P:Indented }H7H < df H7H WX aP } 7H < eg 7H WY aN } 7H <
fh 7H WZ aN } 7H < gi 7H W[ a } CH < hj CH \ ! P:TableFootP Anote }HCH < ik HCH W] aP } CH < jl CH W^ aN } CH < km CH W_ aN } CH < ln CH W` a } ]H( < mo ]H( Wa a
P:TableTitle }H]H( < np H]H(( b aLI
c a Parent = OL
Qd a
Depth = 0 } ]H( 蝝H "W4 a } H < =? H # W5 a }HH < >@ HH #W6 a } H < ?A H #W7 a } H < @B H #W8 a } H < AC H #W9 a } d < BF d $ W: aHTML Options Table }Dd < Dd $W; a }Dd < Dd $W< a } D < CG D % W= a }DH < FH DH %W> a } H < GI H %W? a } םD < HJ םD & W@ a
Image Format }DםH < IK DםH &WA aIMAGGIF } םH < JL םH &WB a } D < KM D ' WC aBanners }DH < LN DH 'WD aN } H < MO H 'WE a } ԝD < NP ԝD ( F !
Banner ReferP A ence Frame }DԝH < OQ DԝH (WG a } ԝH < P ԝH (WH a } D( < D S D((F ) I ! Copy Files Imported by P A Rerefernce }D H( < DRT D H( F )WJ a } H( < DSU H( F )WK a } DD < DTV DD F * WL a }DDH < DUW DDH F *WM a } DH < DVX DH F *WN a } Vd < DW[ Vd F + WO aSystem Macros }?Vd < D ?Vd F +WP a }?Vd < D ?Vd F +WQ a } f? < DX\ f? F , WR a Macro Name }?fH < D[] ?fH F ,WS a
Replace With } fH < D\^ fH F ,WT a Comments } r? = D]_ r? F - WU a StartOfDoc }?rH = D^` ?rH F -WV a } rH = D_a rH F -WW a } ~? = D`b ~? F . WX a EndOfDoc }?~H = Dac ?~H F .WY a } ~H = Dbd ~H F .WZ a } ? =
Dce ?F / [ ! StartOfSubP ADoc }? H = Ddf ? H F /W\ a } H = Deg H F /W] a } ? = Dfh ?F 0 ^ ! EndOfSubP ADoc }? H = Dgi ? H F 0W_ a } H = Dhj H F 0W` a } ? = Dik ?F 1 a !
StartOfFirstP ASubDoc }? H = Djl ? H F 1Wb a } H = Dkm H F 1Wc a } ? = Dln ?F 2 d ! EndOfFirstP ASubDoc }? H =! Dmo ? H F 2We a } H =# Dnp H F 2Wf a } ? =% Doq ?F 3 g ! StartOfLastP ASubDoc }? H =' Dpr ? H F 3Wh a } H =) Dqs H F 3Wi a } ? =+ Drt ?F 4 j !
EndOfLastP ASubDoc }? H =- Dsu ? H F 4Wk a } H =/ Dtv H F 4Wl a } & ? =1 Duw & ? F 5 Wm a }?& H =3 Dvx ?& H F 5Wn a } & H =5 Dwy & H F 5Wo a } 8 d =8 Dx| 8 d F 6 Wp aCross-Reference Macros }?8 d =: D ?8 d F 6Wq a }?8 d =< D ?8 d F 6Wr a } H ? => Dy} H ? F 7 Ws a Macro Name }?H H =@ D|~ ?H H F 7Wt a
Replace With } H H =B D} H H F 7Wu a Comments } T ? =D D~ T ? F 8 Wv a See Also }?T H =F D ?T HF 8w !
See Also: P A <$paratext> } T H =H D T H F 8Wx a } n ? =J D n ? F 9 Wy a }?n H =L D ?n H F 9Wz a } n H =N D n H F 9W{ a } d =Q D d F : W aGeneral Macros }? d =S D ? d F :W a }? d =U D ? d F :W a }? d =W D ? d F :W a } ? =Y D" ? F ; W a Macro Name d = d =
d 靕 l d =
d o
W܁܁ Bm } 蝝d =
蝝d < W| aHeadings Table }H蝝d =
H蝝d <W} a }H蝝d =
H蝝d <W~ a } H =
H = !Paragraph ForP Amat }HH =
HH =W aHeading Level } H =
H =W a Comments } H =
H > W aTitle }HH =
HH >W a } H =
H >W a } KH =
KH ? W a Heading1 }HKH =
HKH ?W a } KH =
KH ?W a } WH =
WH @ W a Heading2 }HWH =
HWH @W a } WH =
WH @W
a } cH =
cH A W a }HcH =
HcH AW a } cH =
cH AW
a HH >- HH w 0 0 _ d2Not-Recently-Used or Not Used Recently (NRU, NUR)
V܁ $tThis policy selects for replacement a random page from the following classes (in the order given): not used or modi0 vfied, not used but modified, used and not modified, used and modified. In the following, assume references 2, 4, and De7 are writes. The two numbers written after each page are the use and modified bits, respectively.)
W d time012345678910
X d w ca*db*eba*bcd
Y d/ HH 79 靕 l d >0 99 }? H =[ D # ? H F ;W a
Replace With } H =] D"$ H F ;W aHead } H =_ D#% H F ;W! a Comments } ? =a D$& ? F C W" a }? H =c D%' ? H F CW# a } H =e D&( H F CW$ a } H =g D') H F CW% a } d =j D(. d F D W& aCharacter Macros HH ;" HH ❝ + G܁ e HH ;$ 3 HH ** 靕 l }? d =l D ? d F DW' a }? d =n D ? d F DW( a } ? =p D)/ ? F E W) a Macro Name }? H =r D.0 ? H F EW* a
Replace With } H =t D/1 H F EW+ a Comments } ? =v D0B ? F F W, a HUV
;. HUV
❝ 3 G܁ e HUV
;0 5+ HUV
22 靕 l H$
;1 H$
5 G܁ e H$
;3 3 H$
44 靕 l HH ;4 HH ~ - - 7 ` Page Replacement Algorithms
0, `
Introduction
1܁ sThis handout shows how the various page replacement algorithms work. We shall call the pages of the program a, b, I @5c, to distinguish them from the time (1, 2, 3, ).
2b `Fixed Number of Frames
4܁t |We shall demonstrate these algorithms by running them on the reference string w = cadbebabcd and assume that, ini0ā tialy, pages a, b, c, and d occupy frames 0, 1, 2, and 3 respectively. When appropriate, the little arrow indicates the @\location of the pointer which indicates where the search for the next victim will begin.
6 `First In/First Out (FIFO)
7܁ `>This policy replaces pages in the order of arrival in memory.
8 ` time012345678910
9 ` w cadbebabcd
: ``frame 0 a a a a aeeee ed
; `?frame 1bbbbb b baaa a
< `)frame 2ccccccc cbbb
= `)frame 3dddddddd dcc
> `page fault12345
? ` page(s) loadedeabcd
@ ` page(s) removedabcde
A: `Optimal (OPT, MIN)
B܁J `mThis policy selects for replacement the page that will not be referenced for the longest tile in the future.
CV ` time012345678910
D ` w cadbebabcd
E ` frame 0aaaaaaaaaad
F ` frame 1bbbbbbbbbbb
G ` frame 2ccccccccccc
H ` frame 3dddddeeeeee
K `page fault12
L ` page(s) loadeded
M ` page(s) removedda
O `Least Recently Used (LRU)
܁ `dThis policy selects for replacement the page that has not been used for the longest period of time.
` time012345678910
` w cadbebabcd
3 ` frame 0aaaaaaaaaaa
5 ` frame 1bbbbbbbbbbb
I ` frame 2ccccceeeeed
J ` frame 3dddddddddcc
N `page fault123
P ` page(s) loadedecd
Q ` page(s) removedcde
R `!stack (top)cadbebabcd
S `cadbebabc
T `caddeeab
AU `$stack (bottom)caaddea
HH ;6 HH 66 靕 l HH >1 ! HH { 9 `Working Set (WS)
܁ vThis policy tries to keep all pages in a process' working set in memory. This table shows the pages consitiuting the 0 wworking set at each reference. Here, we take the working set to be that set of pages which has been referenced during @qthe last t = 4 units. We also assume that a was referenced at time 0, d at time -1, and e at time -2.
` time012345678910
` w ccdbcecead
` Page aaaaaaa
` Page bbbbb
` Page ccccccccccc
` Page ddddddddd
` Page eeeeeeee
`page fault12345
` page(s) loadedcbead
`page(s) removedead
`Page Fault Frequency (PFF)
܁ rThis approximation to the working set policy tries to keep page faulting to some prespecified range. If the time 0Ё ybetween the current and the previous page fault exceeds some critical value t, then all pages not referenced during that uinterval are removed. This table shows the pages resident at each reference. Here, we take t = 2 units and assume @*that initially, a, d, and e are resident.
` time012345678910
` w ccdbcecead
` Page aaaaaaa
` Page bbbbbb
` Page ccccccccccc
` Page ddddddddddd
` Page eeeeeeeeee
`page fault12345
` page(s) loadedcbead
`!page(s) removed?a,eb,d
A ` HH >3 ! HH 88 靕 l d ;; <@ H$
;< ; > H$
== 靕 l H$
;= ; H$
< W ܁܁ h4May 18, 1999ECS 150 Spring 1999Page 3 HUV
;> ;<@ HUV
?? 靕 l HUV
;? ; HUV
❝ > W ܁܁ h=Last modified at
10:54 pm on Monday, May 17, 1999 HH ;@ ;> HH AA
靕 l HH ;A ; HH ❝ @ W ܁܁ ` }? H =x D1C ? H F FW- a } H =z DB H F FW. a d =~ EE d = D d FF
靕 l d = D d RCE RUX[^adgjmpsvy| %).1 d Left d ; Right d Reference d d HTML d D HTML d
Headings d d ! Ŀ @ @ Z Mapping Table Title . Ŀ @ @ Z Body . f @ P Z Title Body. f @ T Z Heading1 Body. Ŀ @ @
Z Footer . f @ T Z
TableTitle T:Table : . f @ T Z Heading2 Body. f @
Z Body . Ŀ @ @
Z Header Double Line . f @ Z CellFooting . f @ Z
CellHeading . f @ Z
CellBody . Ŀ @ @ Z Mapping Table Cell . Ŀ @ @ 3 Mapping Table Cell . Ŀ @ @ 3 Mapping Table Cell . Ŀ @ @ Z Mapping Table Cell . f @
Z Body . f @
Z Z . ~ . . . . . 2 . V . z . . . Body . f @
Z
BodySpaced . f @
Z Bulleted \t . f @
Z . . . Date . m f @
Z l . DateProject . Ŀ @ @
Z Header Double Line . f @ T Z Heading1 Body. f @
Z Numbered .\t . f @ E
Z Numbered1 .\tNumbered. f @
Z NumberedSpaced .\t . f @
Z . Reading . f @ P Z Title Body. f @ $ Z . Line Single Line . f @ Z CellBody . f @ Z CellHeading . f @
Z Footnote . f @ T Z Heading2 Body. f @ T Z HeadingRunIn Body. f @ Z Indented . f @
Z
TableFootnote . f @ T Z
TableTitle T:Table : .
Z Z Z Z 蜜 3
Z Z Z 蜜 Emphasis
V
Z Z 蜜 EquationVariables Z
3
蜜
BoldItalic
۸ Z Italic
Z Bold Z 3 Z Z Z Thin Medium Double Thick @ Very Thin H H H H H Format A H
Mapping Table H H H H H Format B H
Mapping Table h *| # H H H H H f $* D H H +5 ? H H & 69 ? H H :C ? H H H DF ? H H *6 ? @ h ( A
B
C
D
E
h
F G H I J h
K L M N O 𝝡h P
Q
R
S
T
ȝh (
U V W X Y h Z [ \ ] ^ h _ ` a b c 7h d e f g h Ch i j k l m ]h ( n o p q r ֝h s t u v w 띝h x y z { | h ( } ~ h h
𝝡h
h h h )h ! " # $ 5h % & ' ( ) Oh * + , - . [h ! / 0 1 2 3 uh " 4! 5! 6! 7! 8! 蝝h !# 9" :" ;" <" =" h " ># ?# @# A# B# % C$ D$ E$ $& F% G% H% ם %' I& J& K& &( L' M' N' ԝ ') O( P( Q( ( (*F R) S) T) D ) F U* V* W* V ,F X+ Y+ Z+ f +-F [, \, ], r ,.F ^- _- `- ~ -/F a. b. c. .0F d/ e/ f/ /1F g0 h0 i0 02F j1 k1 l1 13F m2 n2 o2 24F p3 q3 r3 35F s4 t4 u4 & 4 F v5 w5 x5 8 7F y6 z6 {6 H 68F |7 }7 ~7 T 79F 8 8 8 n 8 F 9 9 9 ;F : : : : :CF ; "; #; $; 蝝 =
< < < <> = = = =? > > > K >@ ? ? ? W ?A @ @ @ c @ A A A ; F %C &C 'C (C EF )D ,D -D DFF .E /E 0E E F 1F BF CF Comment ;C
;G d Black T! White dd A Red dd ŝ Green d d Blue d Cyan d Magenta d Yellow Header/Footer $1Header/Footer $1Header/Footer $2Header/Footer $2IndexIndexCommentCommentSubjectSubjectAuthorAuthorGlossaryGlossaryEquationEquation Hypertext Hypertext Cross-Ref Cross-Ref
Conditional TextConditional TextPositionFMPrivatePositionFMPrivate RangeEndFMPrivateRangeEndFMPrivate
HTML Macro
HTML Macro M.Times.P Times-Roman
FrameRoman M.Times.B
Times-Bold
FrameRoman
M.Helvetica.BHelvetica-Bold
FrameRoman
M.Symbol.PSymbol
FrameRoman M.Times.I Times-Italic
FrameRoman M.Helvetica.BIHelvetica-BoldOblique
FrameRoman h2 HelveticaUSymbolYTimes"Regular$Roman MediumBoldRegular
ObliqueItalic n#b< ;fq k~R\^NZ8!~/m`| ;Zy[~QR f@a|wc]d7
زv[sa/Pk?E8^XaRAظ2q# ֗kڤ\2 .3\ o