# Monte Carlo method of computing pi
# with graphics showing the points on the unit circle
# and printing he results in the graphics window
# Toss darts at a dart board (2x2, centered at (0,0)
# The ratio of the darts in the unit circle to all darts is pi/4
#
# Matt Bishop, MHI 289I, Fall 2023
#

import random
import math
import turtle

# Generate a landing position for a dart tossed at
# a 2x2 square with center at (0,0)
# returns: (x, y) co-ordinates of toss
def gentoss():
    x = 2*random.random() - 1
    y = 2*random.random() - 1
    return x, y

# for point x, y, if x^2 + y^2 <= 1, they are in the unit circle
# parameters: x, y: co-ordinates of point
# returns True if so, False if not
def inunitcircle(x, y):
    return x ** 2 + y ** 2 <= 1

# function to read and vet user selection
# returns: n, the number of tosses
# NOTE: n must be positive; return -1 to quit
def getinput():
    # loop until we get good input
    while True:
        try:
            # get the input and check the type here
            n = int(input("number of tosses (EOF to quit): "))
        except EOFError:        # user wants to quit, so help
            n = -1
            break
        except:                 # user didn't enter a number
            print("You have to enter a positive n or EOF")
            continue
        # got an integer
        # now check the value we read/were given
        if n > 0:
            break
        # this is bad, so say so
        print("You have to enter a positive n or EOF")

    # it's positive to continue, -1 to quit
    return n

##### GRAHICS ROUTINES
#
#

# first, we need to scale everything to make it visible
# set this by trial and error
#
scale = 100

#
# make a window
# parameters: col is background color of window
#       name is title to put on window
# returns: handle for window
# side effects: none
#
def makewindow(col, name):
    win = turtle.Screen()   # draw the window for the picture
    win.bgcolor(col)        # make the background color col
    win.title(name)         # put up a title
    return win

#
# make a tutle
# parameters: col is color of turtle (pen for drawing)
#           img is shape of turtle
# returns: handle for turtle
# side effects: animation is turned off and turtle is hidden
#
def maketurtle(col, img):
    tur = turtle.Turtle()   # create a turtle
    tur.shape(img)          # give it the identified shape
    tur.color(col)          # be sure this color contrasts with the background
    tur.speed(0)            # no animation -- turtle (drawing) just jumps
    tur.hideturtle()        # don't show turtle
    return tur

#
# move turtle to a given point
# parameters: tur is handle of turtle to use
#           x, y is new location of turtle
# returns: nothing
# side effects: none
#
def plotgoto(tur, x, y):
    tur.goto(x * scale, y * scale)
    
#
# draw a line from first point to second point
# parameters: tur is handle of turtle to use
#           x1, y1 is beginning point of line
#           x2, y2 is ending point of line
# returns: nothing
# side effects: pen is raised to move turtle to line
#           leaves pen in original state at end
#
def plotline(tur, x1, y1, x2, y2):
    # get current pen state of turtle
    penstatedown = tur.isdown()
    # move the turtle to the starting point without drawing a line
    tur.penup()
    plotgoto(tur, x1, y1)
    # now draw the line
    tur.pendown()
    plotgoto(tur, x2, y2)
    # now restore original pen state
    if (not penstatedown):
        tur.penup()

#
# draw an x-axis and y-axis
# parameters: tur is handle of turtle to use
#           xpos, xneg are the positive, negative end points of the x-axis
#           ypos, yneg are the positive, negative end points of the y-axis
# returns: nothing
# side effects: none
#
def plotaxes(tur, xpos, ypos, xneg, yneg):
    # draw the x axis
    plotline(tur, xneg, 0, xpos, 0)
    # draw the y axis
    plotline(tur, 0, yneg, 0, ypos)

#
# draw a dot at a point
# parameters: tur is handle of turtle to use
#           x, y are co-ordinates of the point
# returns: nothing
# side effects: turtle raises pen throughout this
#           dot is 1 point in size
#
def plotpoint(tur, x, y):
    # get current pen state of turtle
    penstatedown = tur.isdown()
    # move the turtle to the point without drawing a line
    tur.penup()
    plotgoto(tur, x, y)
    # draw the dot
    tur.dot(1)
    # now restore original pen state
    if (penstatedown):
        tur.pendown()

#
# draw a unit circle, then surround it by a unit square
# parameters: tur is handle of turtle to use
#           x, y are co-ordinates of the point
# returns: nothing
# side effects: turtle raises pen throughout this
#           dot is 1 point in size
#
def drawunit(tur, circlecolor, squarecolor):
    # get current color state of turtle
    curcolor = tur.pencolor()
    # first, draw the x, y axes (each 4 units, from -2 to 2)
    plotaxes(tur, 1, 1, -1, -1)
    # now draw a unit circle centered at (0, 0) in green
    tur.goto(0, -scale)
    tur.color(circlecolor)
    tur.circle(1 * scale)
    # now draw a square around the unit circle in red
    tur.color(squarecolor)
    plotline(tur, -1, -1, -1,  1)
    plotline(tur, -1,  1,  1,  1)
    plotline(tur,  1, 1,  1, -1)
    plotline(tur,  1, -1, -1, -1)
    # restore original color state
    tur.color(curcolor)

##### END OF GRAPHICS ROUTINES

    
# main routine: pull it all together
def main():
    
    # get number of tosses
    n = getinput()

    # valid number; be sure it's positive, or user is stopping
    if n > 0:
        # initialize random number generator
        random.seed()
        
        # set up the window and the turtle
        wn = makewindow("white", "Plot of the Monte Carlo calculation of pi")
        yertle = maketurtle("black", "classic")

        # draw the figure
        drawunit(yertle, "green", "red")
    
        # number of darts in unit circle
        # nothing thrown yet
        h = 0
        # now start throwing
        for i in range(n):
            # toss
            x, y = gentoss()
            # plot it
            plotpoint(yertle, x, y)
            # is it in the circle?
            if inunitcircle(x, y):
                h += 1
                
        # done! see how well you did ...
        yertle.penup()
        yertle.goto(0, -1.25 * scale)
        yertle.write("   number of throws: %6d\t\tapproximation to pi: %9.7f" % (n, 4.0 * h / n), False, "center", ("Monaco", 10, "normal"))
        yertle.goto(0, -1.40 * scale)
        yertle.write("     number of hits: %6d\t\t actual value of pi: %9.7f" % (h, math.pi), False, "center", ("Monaco", 10, "normal"))
        yertle.goto(0, -1.55 * scale)
        yertle.write("              ratio: %6.4f\t\t              error: %9.7f" % (h/n, abs(4.0 * h / n - math.pi)), False, "center", ("Monaco", 10, "normal"))

        # end it all
        yertle.hideturtle()
        wn.mainloop()

#
# they're off!
#
main()